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class of building

  • 1 class of building

    1. класс здания

     

    класс здания
    Показатель капитальности здания, характеризуемый степенью его огнестойкости, долговечностью основных конструктивных элементов и качественным уровнем выполненных строительных работ
    [Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]

    Тематики

    • здания, сооружения, помещения

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > class of building

  • 2 class of building

    Англо-русский строительный словарь > class of building

  • 3 class

    1) разряд, категория, сорт, тип ( судна)
    - class of goods
    * * *
    класс, разряд, категория

    class.) — категория моста ( для мостов Бейли), соответствующая расчётной нагрузке N тонн

    - class of builders' plant
    - class of buildings
    - class of fire
    - class of loading
    - class of work
    - grade class
    - strength class

    Англо-русский строительный словарь > class

  • 4 class room

    வகுப்பறை

    English-Tamil dictionary > class room

  • 5 building

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [Swahili Word] bumani
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [English Plural] buildings
    [Swahili Word] jengo
    [Swahili Plural] majengo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] jenga V
    [Swahili Example] katikati ya kisiwa hiki kuna jengo kubwa la Wajerumani [Kez]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [English Plural] buildings
    [Swahili Word] jumba
    [Swahili Plural] majumba
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [Swahili Word] majengo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [Swahili Word] maunzi
    [Swahili Plural] maunzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] unda V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [Swahili Word] mjengo
    [Swahili Plural] mijengo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [Swahili Word] mwundo
    [Swahili Plural] miundo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] unda V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [English Plural] buildings
    [Swahili Word] nyumba
    [Swahili Plural] nyumba
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Related Words] chumba, jumba, kinyumba, unyumba, nyumbani
    [English Definition] a structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [Swahili Word] ujengaji
    [Swahili Plural] majengaji
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [Swahili Word] utengenezaji
    [Swahili Plural] utengenezaji
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 14
    [Derived Word] tengeneza V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building
    [Swahili Word] uunzi
    [Swahili Plural] maunzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building (act of)
    [Swahili Word] mjengo
    [Swahili Plural] mijengo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building (act of)
    [Swahili Word] ujenzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 14
    [Derived Word] jenga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building installation
    [Swahili Word] majenzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building material
    [Swahili Word] majengo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] building plot
    [Swahili Word] ramu
    [Swahili Plural] ramu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] demolished building
    [Swahili Word] bomoko
    [Swahili Plural] mabomoko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] bomoa
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] method of building
    [Swahili Word] jenzi
    [Swahili Plural] majenzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] style of building
    [Swahili Word] majenzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] style of building
    [Swahili Word] mjengo
    [Swahili Plural] mijengo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] style of building
    [Swahili Word] mjengo
    [Swahili Plural] mijengo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Derived Word] jenga V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] style of building
    [Swahili Word] ujengaji
    [Swahili Plural] majengaji
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] style of building
    [Swahili Word] ujenzi
    [Swahili Plural] majenzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > building

  • 6 building air infiltration

    инфильтрация воздуха в здании

    - неконтролируемое поступление воздуха внутрь (который может содержать и водяной пар) через трещины и поры в любом конструктивном элементе здания и по периметру оконных и дверных проемов вследствие действия ветра или по причине разности плотности внутреннего и наружного воздуха - см. также specific infiltration.

    Англо-русский словарь по кондиционированию и вентиляции > building air infiltration

  • 7 building air infiltration

    инфильтрация воздуха в здании

    - неконтролируемое поступление воздуха внутрь (который может содержать и водяной пар) через трещины и поры в любом конструктивном элементе здания и по периметру оконных и дверных проемов вследствие действия ветра или по причине разности плотности внутреннего и наружного воздуха - см. также specific infiltration.

    English-Russian dictionary of terms for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and cooling air > building air infiltration

  • 8 building safety

    English-Russian big medical dictionary > building safety

  • 9 leakage class

    категория утечки

    - от одной до десятой категории (интервала) воздухонепроницаемости при сопоставлении с нормализованными утечками.

    класс утечки

    Англо-русский словарь по кондиционированию и вентиляции > leakage class

  • 10 leakage class

    категория утечки

    - от одной до десятой категории (интервала) воздухонепроницаемости при сопоставлении с нормализованными утечками.

    класс утечки

    English-Russian dictionary of terms for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and cooling air > leakage class

  • 11 WCBB

    2) Телевидение: TV-10, Lewiston/ Augusta, Maine
    3) Фирменный знак: Western Colorado Buyer Brokers

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > WCBB

  • 12 pole

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] carrying-pole (a pole carried on the shoulder with water in tins hanging from either end)
    [English Plural] carrying poles
    [Swahili Word] maarasi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 6
    [Note] rare
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] central roofing pole in a building
    [English Plural] roofing poles
    [Swahili Word] mwamba
    [Swahili Plural] miamba
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] long pole with a bent end for picking fruit from trees
    [English Plural] long poles
    [Swahili Word] koleo
    [Swahili Plural] koleo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] long pole with a bent end for picking fruit from trees
    [English Plural] long poles
    [Swahili Word] kweleo
    [Swahili Plural] makweleo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] one of the poles laid across the rafters of a house to support the thatch.
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] upao
    [Swahili Plural] pao
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] one of the poles laid across the rafters of a house to support the thatch.
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] upau
    [Swahili Plural] pau
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] banzi
    [Swahili Plural] mabanzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] konjo
    [Swahili Plural] makonjo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] konzo
    [Swahili Plural] makonzo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] mlingoti
    [Swahili Plural] milingoti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] nautical
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] mti
    [Swahili Plural] miti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [English Example] telephone pole
    [Swahili Example] mti wa simu
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] uwati
    [Swahili Plural] mbati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] Pole
    [English Plural] Poles
    [Swahili Word] Mpoli
    [Swahili Plural] Wapoli
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 1/2
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole (supports walls of house)
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] uati
    [Swahili Plural] mbati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole (used in building houses)
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] kombati
    [Swahili Plural] kombati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole (with a hardened tip used as a hunting weapon or in pit traps)
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] ukonjo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole (with a hardened tip used as a hunting weapon or in pit traps)
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] ukonzo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole (with hooked end)
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] kiopoo
    [Swahili Plural] viopoo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] -opoa
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole for carrying load
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] mpiko
    [Swahili Plural] mipiko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] pika V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole strengthening a ship's mast
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] mtwana
    [Swahili Plural] mitwana
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] nautical
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole used in building houses
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] kombati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] pole used in building houses
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] kumbati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] punting pole
    [English Plural] punting poles
    [Swahili Word] pondo
    [Swahili Plural] mapondo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] ponda V
    [Terminology] nautical
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] punting pole
    [English Plural] punting poles
    [Swahili Word] upondo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Terminology] nautical
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] telegraph pole
    [English Plural] telegraph poles
    [Swahili Word] mti wa simu
    [Swahili Plural] miti ya simu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] telephone pole
    [English Plural] telephone poles
    [Swahili Word] mti wa simu
    [Swahili Plural] miti ya simu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] thick mangrove pole
    [English Plural] poles
    [Swahili Word] boriti
    [Swahili Plural] maboriti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] thin pole carrying the thatch in houses
    [English Plural] thin poles
    [Swahili Word] pao
    [Swahili Plural] pao
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] thin pole carrying the thatch in houses
    [English Plural] thin poles
    [Swahili Word] pau
    [Swahili Plural] mapau
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > pole

  • 13 top

    I
    1. top noun
    1) (the highest part of anything: the top of the hill; the top of her head; The book is on the top shelf.) cumbre, lo alto
    2) (the position of the cleverest in a class etc: He's at the top of the class.) a la cabeza, en primer lugar
    3) (the upper surface: the table-top.) lo alto de, sobre
    4) (a lid: I've lost the top to this jar; a bottle-top.) tapadera, (botella) tapón
    5) (a (woman's) garment for the upper half of the body; a blouse, sweater etc: I bought a new skirt and top.) blusa (corta), camiseta, top

    2. adjective
    (having gained the most marks, points etc, eg in a school class: He's top (of the class) again.) mejor, primero

    3. verb
    1) (to cover on the top: She topped the cake with cream.) cubrir, recubrir
    2) (to rise above; to surpass: Our exports have topped $100,000.) superar, sobrepasar
    3) (to remove the top of.) quitar la parte de encima
    - topping
    - top hat
    - top-heavy
    - top-secret
    - at the top of one's voice
    - be/feel on top of the world
    - from top to bottom
    - the top of the ladderee
    - top up

    II top noun
    (a kind of toy that spins.) peonza
    top1 adj
    1. superior / de más arriba / último
    2. más alto
    top2 n
    1. cima / cumbre / lo alto
    2. tapón / tapa
    3. parte de arriba
    4. camiseta / blusa
    tr[tɒp]
    1 (highest/upper part) parte nombre femenino superior, parte nombre femenino de arriba, parte nombre femenino más alta
    4 (of tree) copa
    who's the top of the organization? ¿quién es el jefe de la organización?
    8 (of list) cabeza
    who's at the top of the league? ¿quién encabeza la liga?
    what's top of the list? ¿qué es lo primero de la lista?
    9 (of car) capota
    10 (clothes) blusa (corta), camiseta, top nombre masculino; (of bikini) parte de arriba
    11 (beginning) principio
    12 (gear) directa
    1 (highest) de arriba, superior, más alto,-a
    2 (best, highest, leading) mejor, principal
    3 (highest, maximum) principal, máximo,-a
    1 (cover) cubrir, rematar
    2 (remove top of plant/fruit) quitar los rabillos
    3 slang (kill) cargarse
    4 (come first, head) encabezar
    5 (better, surpass, exceed) superar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at top speed a toda velocidad
    from top to bottom de arriba abajo
    from top to toe de cabeza a pies
    on top encima de, sobre
    on top of encima de
    do you get commission on top of your salary? ¿ganas una comisión además de tu sueldo?
    on top of it all / to top it all para colmo
    to be on top of the world estar en la gloria, estar contento,-a y feliz
    to blow one's top perder los estribos
    to come out on top salir ganando
    to get on top of somebody agobiar a alguien
    top dog gallito
    top gear directa
    top hat chistera, sombrero de copa
    top of the bill actor nombre masculino principal, actriz nombre femenino principal
    ————————
    tr[tɒp]
    1 peonza
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to sleep like a top dormir como un tronco, dormir como un lirón
    top ['tɑp] vt, topped ; topping
    1) cover: cubrir, coronar
    2) surpass: sobrepasar, superar
    3) clear: pasar por encima de
    top adj
    : superior
    the top shelf: la repisa superior
    one of the top lawyers: uno de los mejores abogados
    top n
    1) : parte f superior, cumbre f, cima f (de un monte, etc.)
    to climb to the top: subir a la cumbre
    2) cover: tapa f, cubierta f
    3) : trompo m (juguete)
    4)
    on top of : encima de
    v.
    desmochar v.
    rematar v.
    adj.
    cimera adj.
    culminante adj.
    máximo, -a adj.
    superior adj.
    n.
    baca s.f.
    cabeza s.f.
    cima s.f.
    cofa s.f.
    coronilla s.f.
    cumbre s.f.
    morra s.f.
    moño s.m.
    parte superior s.m.
    peón s.m.
    tapa s.f.
    tapadera s.f.
    tejadillo s.m.
    tope s.m.
    trompo s.m.
    vértice s.m.
    ápice s.m.
    tɑːp, tɒp
    I
    1)
    a) ( highest part) parte f superior or de arriba; ( of mountain) cima f, cumbre f, cúspide f; ( of tree) copa f; ( of page) parte f superior; ( of head) coronilla f

    off the top of one's head: I can't think of any of them off the top of my head — no se me ocurre ninguno en este momento

    b) (BrE) ( of road) final m
    2) ( of hierarchy) (highest rank, position)
    3)

    the top of the milk — (BrE) crema que se acumula en el cuello de la botella de leche

    to float/rise to the top — salir* a la superficie

    b) (rim, edge) borde m
    4) ( Clothing)

    a blue topuna blusa (or un suéter or un top etc) azul

    5)

    on top(as adv) encima, arriba

    he's getting a bit thin on top — (colloq) se está quedando calvo or (AmC, Méx fam) pelón or (CS fam) pelado

    to come out on top — salir* ganando

    6)

    on top of(as prep) \<\<cupboard/piano\>\> encima de

    to feel on top of the worldestar* contentísimo

    and on top of it all o on top of all that, she lost her job — y encima or para colmo or como si esto fuera poco, se quedó sin trabajo

    7)

    over the top — ( exaggerated) (esp BrE colloq)

    8) (cover, cap - of jar, box) tapa f, tapón m (Esp); (- of pen) capuchón m, capucha f; ( cork) tapón m

    to blow one's top — (colloq) explotar (fam)

    9) top (gear) (BrE Auto) directa f
    10) ( spinning top) trompo m, peonza f; sleep II

    II
    adjective (before n)
    1)
    a) ( uppermost) <layer/shelf> de arriba, superior; <step/coat of paint> último; < note> más alto
    b) ( maximum) <speed/temperature> máximo, tope
    2)
    a) ( best)

    to be top quality — ser* de primera calidad

    our top priority is... — nuestra prioridad absoluta es...

    the Top 40 — ( Mus) los 40 discos más vendidos, ≈los 40 principales ( en Esp)

    c) (leading, senior) <scientists/chefs> más destacado

    III
    1.
    - pp- transitive verb
    1) (exceed, surpass) \<\<offer/achievement\>\> superar

    to top it all — para coronarlo, para colmo, (más) encima

    2) ( beat) (AmE)

    the Tigers topped the Mariners 6-2 — (AmE) los Tigers se impusieron a los Mariners por 6 a 2

    3) ( head) \<\<list/league\>\> encabezar*
    4) ( cover) \<\<column/building\>\> rematar, coronar

    topped with chocolate/cheese — con chocolate/queso por encima


    2.
    v refl
    1) ( surpass oneself) (AmE colloq) superarse
    2) ( commit suicide) (BrE sl) matarse, suicidarse
    Phrasal Verbs:

    I [tɒp]
    1. N
    1) (=highest point, peak) cumbre f, cima f ; [of hill] cumbre f ; [of tree] copa f ; [of head] coronilla f ; [of building] remate m ; [of wall] coronamiento m ; [of wave] cresta f ; [of stairs, ladder] lo alto; [of page] cabeza f ; [of list, table, classification] cabeza f, primer puesto m, primera posición f

    to reach the top, make it to the top — [of career etc] alcanzar la cumbre (del éxito)

    the men at the top — (fig) los que mandan

    executives who are at the top of their careersejecutivos que están en la cumbre de sus carreras

    top of the charts — (Mus) el número uno

    to be at the top of the class — (Scol) ser el/la mejor de la clase

    Liverpool are at the top of the leagueLiverpool encabeza la liga

    at the top of the pagea la cabeza de la página

    top of the range — (Comm) lo mejor de la gama

    at the top of the stairsen lo alto de la escalera

    at the top of the tree — (lit) en lo alto del árbol; (Brit) (fig) en la cima, en lo más alto

    blow II, 1., 3)
    2) (=upper part) parte f superior, parte f de arriba; [of bus] piso m superior; [of turnip, carrot, radish] rabillo m, hojas fpl

    he lives at the top of the houseocupa el piso más alto de la casa

    the top of the milkla nata

    at the top of the streetal final de la calle

    he sits at the top of the tablese sienta a la cabecera de la mesa

    3) (=surface) superficie f

    oil comes or floats or rises to the top — el aceite sube a la superficie

    4) (=lid) [of pen, bottle, jar] tapa f, cubierta f, tapón m
    5) (=blouse) blusa f

    pyjama topparte f de arriba del pijama

    6) (Brit)
    (Aut) = top gear
    7) (US) (Aut) capota f
    8) (Naut) cofa f
    9)

    on top — encima, arriba

    to be on top — estar encima; (fig) (=winning etc) llevar ventaja, estar ganando

    seats on top! (on bus) ¡hay sitio arriba!

    let's go up on top — (Naut) vamos a (subir a) cubierta

    thin on top * — con poco pelo, medio calvo

    on top of — sobre, encima de

    on top of (all) that(=in addition to that) y encima or además de (todo) eso

    on top of which — y para colmo, más encima

    to be/get on top of things — estar/ponerse a la altura de las cosas

    - come out on top
    - be/feel on top of the world
    10)

    tops: it's (the) tops *es tremendo *, es fabuloso *

    from top to bottomde arriba abajo

    to be at the top of one's formestar en plena forma

    the top of the morning to you! — (Irl) ¡buenos días!

    over the top — (Brit) * (=excessive) excesivo, desmesurado

    this proposal is really over the top(Brit) esta propuesta pasa de la raya

    to go over the top — (Mil) lanzarse al ataque (saliendo de las trincheras); (Brit) * (fig) pasarse (de lo razonable), desbordarse

    he doesn't have much up top *(=stupid) no es muy listo que digamos; (=balding) tiene poco pelo, se le ven las ideas *

    she doesn't have much up top *(=flat-chested) está lisa (basilisa) *

    at the top of one's voicea voz en grito

    speaking off the top of my head, I would say... — hablando así sin pensarlo, yo diría que...

    2. ADJ
    1) (=highest) [drawer, shelf] de arriba, más alto; [edge, side, corner] superior, de arriba; [floor, step, storey] último

    at the top end of the scale — en el extremo superior de la escala

    at the top end of the range — (Comm) en el escalón más alto de la gama

    top note — (Mus) nota f más alta

    2) (=maximum) [price] máximo

    top priorityprincipal prioridad f, asunto m primordial

    at top speed — a máxima velocidad, a toda carrera

    3) (in rank etc) más importante

    the top class at school — (=final year) el último año en la escuela

    a top executive — un(a) alto(-a) ejecutivo*, (-a)

    top peoplegente f bien

    top stream — (Scol) clase f del nivel más avanzado

    4) (=best, leading) mejor

    the top 10/20/30 — (Mus) los 10/20/30 mejores éxitos, el hit parade de los 10/20/30 mejores

    to come top — ganar, ganar el primer puesto

    to be on top formestar en plena forma

    to get top markssacar la mejor nota

    top scorermáximo(-a) goleador(a) m / f, pichichi mf (Sp) *

    top teamequipo m líder

    5) (=final) [coat of paint] último

    the top layer of skin — la epidermis

    6) (=farthest) superior

    the top right-hand cornerla esquina superior derecha

    the top end of the field — el extremo superior del campo

    3.
    ADV

    tops *(=maximum, at most) como mucho

    4. VT
    1) (=form top of) [+ building] coronar; [+ cake] cubrir, recubrir

    a cake topped with whipped creamuna tarta cubierta or recubierta de nata or (LAm) crema

    2) (=be at top of) [+ class, list] encabezar, estar a la cabeza de

    to top the bill — (Theat) encabezar el reparto

    to top the charts — (Mus) ser el número uno de las listas de éxitos or de los superventas

    the team topped the league all season — el equipo iba en cabeza de la liga toda la temporada

    3) (=exceed, surpass) exceder, superar

    profits topped £50,000 last year — las ganancias excedieron (las) 50.000 libras el año pasado

    we have topped last year's takings by £200 — hemos recaudado 200 libras más que el año pasado, los ingresos exceden a los del año pasado en 200 libras

    and to top it all... — y para colmo..., como remate..., y para rematar las cosas...

    how are you going to top that?(joke, story etc) ¿cómo vas a superar eso?, te han puesto el listón muy alto

    4) [+ vegetables, fruit, plant] descabezar; [+ tree] desmochar

    to top and tail fruit — (Brit) quitar los extremos de la fruta

    5) (=reach summit of) llegar a la cumbre de
    6) ** (=kill) colgar

    to top o.s. — suicidarse

    5.
    CPD

    top banana * N(US) pez m gordo *

    top boots NPLbotas fpl de campaña

    top brass * Njefazos * mpl

    top dog * N

    top dollar * N (esp US)

    the top drawer N — (fig) la alta sociedad, la crema

    top-drawer

    top dressing N — (Hort, Agr) abono m (aplicado a la superficie)

    top gear N(Brit) (Aut) directa f

    in top gear (four-speed box) en cuarta, en la directa; (five-speed box) en quinta, en la directa

    top hat Nsombrero m de copa, chistera f

    top spin N — (Tennis) efecto m alto, efecto m liftado

    top ten NPL (=songs)

    the top ten — el top diez, los diez primeros

    top thirty NPL

    the top thirty — el top treinta, los treinta primeros


    II
    [tɒp]
    N
    1) (=spinning top) peonza f, peón m ; (=humming top, musical top) trompa f ; sleep
    2) (Circus) see big
    * * *
    [tɑːp, tɒp]
    I
    1)
    a) ( highest part) parte f superior or de arriba; ( of mountain) cima f, cumbre f, cúspide f; ( of tree) copa f; ( of page) parte f superior; ( of head) coronilla f

    off the top of one's head: I can't think of any of them off the top of my head — no se me ocurre ninguno en este momento

    b) (BrE) ( of road) final m
    2) ( of hierarchy) (highest rank, position)
    3)

    the top of the milk — (BrE) crema que se acumula en el cuello de la botella de leche

    to float/rise to the top — salir* a la superficie

    b) (rim, edge) borde m
    4) ( Clothing)

    a blue topuna blusa (or un suéter or un top etc) azul

    5)

    on top(as adv) encima, arriba

    he's getting a bit thin on top — (colloq) se está quedando calvo or (AmC, Méx fam) pelón or (CS fam) pelado

    to come out on top — salir* ganando

    6)

    on top of(as prep) \<\<cupboard/piano\>\> encima de

    to feel on top of the worldestar* contentísimo

    and on top of it all o on top of all that, she lost her job — y encima or para colmo or como si esto fuera poco, se quedó sin trabajo

    7)

    over the top — ( exaggerated) (esp BrE colloq)

    8) (cover, cap - of jar, box) tapa f, tapón m (Esp); (- of pen) capuchón m, capucha f; ( cork) tapón m

    to blow one's top — (colloq) explotar (fam)

    9) top (gear) (BrE Auto) directa f
    10) ( spinning top) trompo m, peonza f; sleep II

    II
    adjective (before n)
    1)
    a) ( uppermost) <layer/shelf> de arriba, superior; <step/coat of paint> último; < note> más alto
    b) ( maximum) <speed/temperature> máximo, tope
    2)
    a) ( best)

    to be top quality — ser* de primera calidad

    our top priority is... — nuestra prioridad absoluta es...

    the Top 40 — ( Mus) los 40 discos más vendidos, ≈los 40 principales ( en Esp)

    c) (leading, senior) <scientists/chefs> más destacado

    III
    1.
    - pp- transitive verb
    1) (exceed, surpass) \<\<offer/achievement\>\> superar

    to top it all — para coronarlo, para colmo, (más) encima

    2) ( beat) (AmE)

    the Tigers topped the Mariners 6-2 — (AmE) los Tigers se impusieron a los Mariners por 6 a 2

    3) ( head) \<\<list/league\>\> encabezar*
    4) ( cover) \<\<column/building\>\> rematar, coronar

    topped with chocolate/cheese — con chocolate/queso por encima


    2.
    v refl
    1) ( surpass oneself) (AmE colloq) superarse
    2) ( commit suicide) (BrE sl) matarse, suicidarse
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > top

  • 14 story

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story
    [English Plural] stories
    [Swahili Word] hadithi
    [Swahili Plural] hadithi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [English Example] If you tell him a <b>story</b>, the child will fall sleep.
    [Swahili Example] Ukimwambia <b>hadithi</b>, mtoto atasinzia.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story
    [English Plural] stories
    [Swahili Word] hekaya
    [Swahili Plural] hekaya
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Derived Language] Arabic
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story
    [English Plural] stories
    [Swahili Word] kisa
    [Swahili Plural] visa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Swahili Example] Subira alikumbuka kisa cha wahalifu wawili [Sul]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story
    [English Plural] stories
    [Swahili Word] ngano
    [Swahili Plural] ngano
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Terminology] literary
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story
    [English Plural] stories
    [Swahili Word] simulizi
    [Swahili Plural] masimulizi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] simulia V
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story (of a building)
    [English Plural] stories
    [Swahili Word] gorofa
    [Swahili Plural] gorofa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Swahili Definition] shehemu ya nyumba iliyojengwa juu ya nyingine
    [English Example] a four-story house.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story (of a building)
    [Swahili Word] orofa
    [Swahili Plural] orofa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [English Example] a four-story house.
    [Swahili Example] nyumba ya orofa nne
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story (or a building)
    [Swahili Word] ghorofa
    [Swahili Plural] ghorofa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [Swahili Definition] shehemu ya nyumba iliyojengwa juu ya nyingine
    [English Example] a four-story house.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] story (upper floor)
    [English Plural] stories
    [Swahili Word] ghorofa
    [Swahili Plural] ghorofa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    [English Definition] Structure consisting of a room or set of rooms comprising a single level of a multilevel building
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tell a story
    [Swahili Word] -simulia hadithi
    [Part of Speech] verb
    [Swahili Definition] eleza habari za mambo yaliyotukia; eleza kisa, ngano, masimulizi, riwaya
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] upper story
    [English Plural] upper stories
    [Swahili Word] gorofa
    [Swahili Plural] gorofa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > story

  • 15 front

    1) (the part of anything (intended to be) nearest the person who sees it; usually the most important part of anything: the front of the house; the front of the picture; (also adjective) the front page.) parte delantera, primera
    2) (the foremost part of anything in the direction in which it moves: the front of the ship; (also adjective) the front seat of the bus.) parte delantera
    3) (the part of a city or town that faces the sea: We walked along the (sea) front.) paseo marítimo
    4) ((in war) the line of soliers nearest the enemy: They are sending more soldiers to the front.) frente
    5) (a boundary separating two masses of air of different temperatures: A cold front is approaching from the Atlantic.) frente
    6) (an outward appearance: He put on a brave front.) apariencia
    7) (a name sometimes given to a political movement: the Popular Front for Liberation.) frente
    - frontal
    - at the front of
    - in front of
    - in front

    front1 adj
    1. de delante / delantero
    2. primero
    front2 n
    1. parte delantera
    2. frente
    3. principio
    4. fachada principal
    tr[frʌnt]
    2 (of shirt etc) pechera
    3 SMALLMETEOROLOGY/SMALL frente nombre masculino
    4 (facade) fachada
    5 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL frente nombre masculino
    6 (promenade) paseo marítimo
    what's happening on the domestic front? ¿qué pasa en el terreno nacional?
    1 delantero,-a, de delante
    1 (face) dar (on/onto, a)
    1 (lead, head) encabezar
    2 (present) presentar
    Tom Jenkins is going to front "News Today' Tom Jenkins presentará "News Today"
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at the front delante, por delante
    in front (of) delante (de)
    out front (in theatre) entre el público
    to put on a bold front hacer de tripas corazón
    up front (in advance) por adelantado
    front door puerta principal
    front garden jardín nombre masculino pequeño en la parte de delante
    front man hombre nombre masculino al frente
    front page primera plana, portada
    front tooth incisivo
    front wheel rueda delantera, rueda de delante
    the front bench SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL las dos primeras filas de escaños ocupadas por miembros del gobierno y de la oposición
    front ['frʌnt] vi
    1) face: dar, estar orientado
    the house fronts north: la casa da al norte
    2) : servir de pantalla
    he fronts for his boss: sirve de pantalla para su jefe
    front adj
    : delantero, de adelante, primero
    the front row: la primera fila
    1) : frente m, parte f de adelante, delantera f
    the front of the class: el frente de la clase
    at the front of the train: en la parte delantera del tren
    2) area, zone: frente m, zona f
    the Eastern front: el frente oriental
    on the educational front: en el frente de la enseñanza
    3) facade: fachada f (de un edificio o una persona)
    4) : frente m (en meteorología)
    adj.
    anterior adj.
    delantero, -a adj.
    primero, -a adj.
    adv.
    frente adv.
    n.
    cabeza s.f.
    cara s.f.
    delantera s.f.
    fachada s.f.
    frente s.f.
    parte delantera s.f.
    pechera s.f.
    portada s.f.
    principio s.m.
    testa s.f.
    v.
    afrontar v.

    I frʌnt
    1)
    a) ( of building) frente m, fachada f; ( of dress) delantera f
    b) ( forward part) frente m, parte f delantera or de delante or (esp AmL) de adelante

    in front(as adv) delante, adelante (esp AmL)

    in front of somebody/something — delante or (esp AmL) adelante de alguien/algo; ( facing) enfrente de alguien/algo

    3) (Meteo, Mil, Pol) frente m
    4)
    a) ( outward show) fachada f
    b) ( for illegal activity) pantalla f
    c) (of organization, party) (AmE) cabeza f visible
    5) ( overlooking sea) paseo m marítimo, malecón m (AmL), rambla f (RPl)

    II
    adjective ( at front) <seat/wheel/leg> delantero, de delante or (esp AmL) de adelante

    the front yard o (BrE) garden — el jardín del frente

    a seat in the front row a front-row seat — un asiento en primera fila; see also front bench, front page


    III
    transitive verb (present, head) \<\<campaign\>\> dirigir*; \<\<group\>\> liderar; \<\<show\>\> presentar
    [frʌnt]
    1. N
    1) (=exterior) [of house, building] fachada f ; [of shirt, dress] pechera f ; [of book] (=cover) portada f

    it fastens at the front — se abrocha por delante

    back to front — al revés

    her dress had ripped down the front — el vestido se le había roto por delante

    2) (=forepart) [of stage, desk, building] parte f de delante, parte f delantera; [of train, bus] parte f delantera; [of queue] principio m

    there's a dedication at the front of the book — hay una dedicatoria al principio del libro

    at the front of the line or queue — al principio de la cola

    I want to sit in the front — quiero sentarme delante

    he laid the baby on its front — puso al bebé boca abajo

    the car's out front — (US) el coche está delante or enfrente de la casa

    3)

    in front — delante

    to be in front — (gen) ir primero, ir delante; (in race) ir a la cabeza, llevar la delantera; (in scoring) llevar (la) ventaja

    in front ofdelante de

    she sat down in front of her mirror — se sentó delante del espejo, se sentó frente al espejo

    4) (Met) frente m

    cold/ warm front — (Met) frente m frío/cálido

    5) (Mil, Pol) frente m

    we must present a united front — debemos parecer un frente unido

    6) (Brit) (=promenade) paseo m marítimo; (=beach) playa f
    7) (=area of activity) materia f

    is there any news on the wages front? — ¿se sabe algo nuevo en materia de salarios?

    on all fronts — en todos los frentes

    the government's failings on the home or domestic front — las deficiencias del gobierno a nivel nacional

    8) (=show)

    he kept up a brave front to the world — delante de todos ponía buena cara

    9) * (=cover-up) fachada f, tapadera f

    to be a front for sth — servir de fachada or tapadera para algo

    2. ADJ
    1) (=foremost) [wheel, leg] delantero, de delante, de adelante (LAm)

    I was in the front seatyo estaba en el asiento delantero or de delante or (LAm) de adelante

    if we run, we can get a front seat — si corremos, podemos pillar un asiento en la parte delantera or la parte de delante or (LAm) la parte de adelante

    2) (Phon) [vowel] frontal
    3. VI
    1)

    to front onto sth — [house, window] dar a algo

    2)

    to front for sth — servir de fachada or tapadera para algo

    4. VT
    1) (=head) [+ organization] estar al frente de, liderar
    2) [+ TV show] presentar
    3) [+ band, group] estar al frente de, ser el cantante de
    4) frm (=face) dar a
    5.
    CPD

    front benches NPL (Brit)

    the front benches(=seats) la primera fila de escaños de cada lado del parlamento ocupada por miembros del gobierno y de la oposición ; (=people) miembros del gobierno o de la oposición

    front crawl N — (Swimming) crol m

    front desk N(US) recepción f (de un hotel)

    front door Npuerta f principal

    front end N[of vehicle] parte f delantera

    front line N — (Mil) primera línea f

    front man N (for activity) testaferro m ; [of band, group] líder m ; (TV) presentador m

    front page N — (Press) primera plana f

    front room N(Brit) (=living room) salón m

    front runner N (in race) corredor(a) m / f que va en cabeza; (in election) favorito(-a) m / f

    front tooth Nincisivo m, paleta * f

    front view N

    the front view of the hotel is very impressiveel frente del hotel or la parte de delante del hotel es impresionante

    FRONT BENCH El término genérico front bench se usa para referirse a los escaños situados en primera fila a ambos lados del Presidente ( Speaker) de la Cámara de los Comunes del Parlamento británico. Dichos escaños son ocupados por los parlamentarios que son miembros del gobierno a un lado y por los del gobierno en la sombra ( shadow cabinet) al otro y, por esta razón, se les conoce como frontbenchers.
    See:
    * * *

    I [frʌnt]
    1)
    a) ( of building) frente m, fachada f; ( of dress) delantera f
    b) ( forward part) frente m, parte f delantera or de delante or (esp AmL) de adelante

    in front(as adv) delante, adelante (esp AmL)

    in front of somebody/something — delante or (esp AmL) adelante de alguien/algo; ( facing) enfrente de alguien/algo

    3) (Meteo, Mil, Pol) frente m
    4)
    a) ( outward show) fachada f
    b) ( for illegal activity) pantalla f
    c) (of organization, party) (AmE) cabeza f visible
    5) ( overlooking sea) paseo m marítimo, malecón m (AmL), rambla f (RPl)

    II
    adjective ( at front) <seat/wheel/leg> delantero, de delante or (esp AmL) de adelante

    the front yard o (BrE) garden — el jardín del frente

    a seat in the front row a front-row seat — un asiento en primera fila; see also front bench, front page


    III
    transitive verb (present, head) \<\<campaign\>\> dirigir*; \<\<group\>\> liderar; \<\<show\>\> presentar

    English-spanish dictionary > front

  • 16 mangrove

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of mangrove, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
    [Swahili Word] muwi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mangrove
    [Swahili Word] mkandaa
    [Swahili Plural] mikandaa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mangrove
    [English Plural] mangroves
    [Taxonomy] Rhizophora mucronata
    [Swahili Word] mkoko
    [Swahili Plural] mikoko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used for house building and the bark for the soles of sandals
    [English Example] if you want to buy mangrove in quantity or fish, go to Lamu
    [Swahili Example] ukitaka kununua mikoko kwa wingi ama samaki, nenda Lamu [Masomo 153]
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mangrove (type of)
    [English Plural] mangroves
    [Taxonomy] Ceriops tagal
    [Swahili Word] mkoko mwekundu
    [Swahili Plural] mikoko miekundu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used for building material, paddles, oars, firewood, charcoal, dyes, and fishing traps
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mangrove (type of)
    [English Plural] mangroves
    [Taxonomy] Rhizophora mucronata
    [Swahili Word] mkoko magondi
    [Swahili Plural] mikoko magondi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is mainly used for building and high quality charcoal, and also for firewood, dyes, medicines, ointments, bow-nets (using roots) fishing traps, and weapons
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mangrove (type of)
    [English Plural] mangroves
    [Taxonomy] Ceriops tagal
    [Swahili Word] mkandaa
    [Swahili Plural] mikandaa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used for building material, paddles, oars, firewood, charcoal, dyes, and fishing traps
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mangrove (type of)
    [English Plural] mangroves
    [Taxonomy] Xylocarpus moluccensis
    [Swahili Word] mkomafi dume
    [Swahili Plural] mikomafi dume
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used for high quality timber, bed construction, window and door frames, charcoal, and firewood
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mangrove (type of)
    [English Plural] mangroves
    [Taxonomy] Xylocarpus granatum
    [Swahili Word] mkomafi
    [Swahili Plural] mikomafi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [English Definition] coastal tree species of which the wood is used especially for canoes and charcoal, and also for firewood, and of which the fruits provide a remedy for stomach aches
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mangrove variety (Sonneratia caesolaria or acida)
    [Swahili Word] mlilana
    [Swahili Plural] mililana
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mchu (a species of mangrove, Avicennia marina)
    [Swahili Word] mchu
    [Swahili Plural] michu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] species of mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata
    [Swahili Word] msizi
    [Swahili Plural] misizi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] species of mangrove,Rhizophora mucronata;
    [Swahili Word] msindi
    [Swahili Plural] misindi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] species of mangrove,Rhizophora mucronata;
    [Swahili Word] msinzi
    [Swahili Plural] misinzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > mangrove

  • 17 tree

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree
    [English Plural] trees
    [Swahili Word] mti
    [Swahili Plural] miti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Related Words] jiti, kijiti, ujiti, uti
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (large)
    [Swahili Word] jiti
    [Swahili Plural] majiti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 5/6
    [Derived Word] mti N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] small tree
    [English Plural] small trees
    [Swahili Word] njiti
    [Swahili Plural] njiti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] small tree
    [English Plural] small trees
    [Swahili Word] kijiti
    [Swahili Plural] vijiti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] mti
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (tall and slender)
    [Swahili Word] ujiti
    [Swahili Plural] njiti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 11/10
    [Derived Word] mti n
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] stunted tree
    [English Plural] stunted trees
    [Swahili Word] kingune
    [Swahili Plural] vingune
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] group of trees
    [English Plural] groups of trees
    [Swahili Word] kichaka
    [Swahili Plural] vichaka
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    [Related Words] chaka
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of creeping thorny tree
    [Swahili Word] mpapura-pumbu
    [Swahili Plural] mipapura-pumbu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] papura V, pumbu N
    [Swahili Example] wakipapura miundi yao kwa mikekewa na mipapura-pumbu [Moh]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of hardwood tree
    [Swahili Word] mpweke
    [Swahili Plural] mipweke
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree
    [Taxonomy] Bridelia zanzibarensis
    [Swahili Word] mkarakala
    [Swahili Plural] mikarakala
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of thorny tree
    [Swahili Word] mkareti
    [Swahili Plural] miakareti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Swahili Example] katu hakukubali kuuchezea mkareti ukamparura [Moh]
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree with edible fruit
    [Swahili Word] msambia
    [Swahili Plural] misambia
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree
    [Swahili Word] msindusi
    [Swahili Plural] misindusi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] msunguti tree
    [English Plural] msunguti trees
    [Taxonomy] Acokanthera longiflora
    [Swahili Word] msunguti
    [Swahili Plural] misunguti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree
    [Taxonomy] Bridelia zanzibarensis
    [Swahili Word] mtututu
    [Swahili Plural] mitututu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree (the bark is used for making cloth)
    [Swahili Word] muyombo
    [Swahili Plural] miyombo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree (the bark is used for making cloth)
    [Swahili Word] myombo
    [Swahili Plural] miyombo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree ( the leaves are used to prepare a medicine)
    [Swahili Word] msuko
    [Swahili Plural] misuko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Language] Swahili
    [Derived Word] -suka
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree ( the leaves are used to prepare a medicine)
    [Swahili Word] msukosuko
    [Swahili Plural] misukosuko
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree (a remedy for stomach complaints is prepared from its roots)
    [Swahili Word] mviru
    [Swahili Plural] miviru
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] muru
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree (the roots are used to prepare a medicine)
    [Swahili Word] msusu
    [Swahili Plural] misusu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree (the roots are used for preparing a medicine)
    [Swahili Word] mzuzu
    [Swahili Plural] mizuzu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] kind of tree (twigs from this tree are used for cleansing the teeth)
    [Taxonomy] Dobera loranthifolia
    [Swahili Word] msiga
    [Swahili Plural] misiga
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] leafless tree (type)
    [Swahili Word] chakaazi
    [Swahili Plural] chakaazi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 9/10
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mchokochore (kind of tree)
    [English Plural] mchokochore trees
    [Swahili Word] mchokochore
    [Swahili Plural] michokochore
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Note] This tree is said to signal the end of the rainy season when its flowers fall.
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mjafari (kind of tree)
    [Taxonomy] Erythrina tomentosa
    [Swahili Word] mjafari
    [Swahili Plural] mijafari
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mjoja (kind of tree the wood of which is used for building boats)
    [Swahili Word] mjoja
    [Swahili Plural] mijoja
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mjoja (kind of tree the wood of which is used for building boats)
    [Swahili Word] mjoo
    [Swahili Plural] mijoo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mkunazi (kind of tree)
    [Taxonomy] Zizyphus jujuba
    [Swahili Word] mkunazi
    [Swahili Plural] mikunazi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] kunazi N
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mkunguma (kind of tree)
    [Taxonomy] Sorindeia usambaraensis
    [Swahili Word] mkunguma
    [Swahili Plural] mikunguma
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mkunungu (kind of tree the leaves of which are eaten as a vegetable)
    [Swahili Word] mkunungu
    [Swahili Plural] mikunungu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mkurungu (kind of tree)
    [Taxonomy] Pterocarpus chrysothrix
    [Swahili Word] mkurungu
    [Swahili Plural] mikurungu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mkwara (kind of tree)
    [Taxonomy] Millettia bussei
    [Swahili Word] mkwara
    [Swahili Plural] mikwara
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mlalangwa (kind of tree)
    [Taxonomy] Ficus bussei
    [Swahili Word] mlalangwa
    [Swahili Plural] milalangwa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mlangali (kind of tree)
    [Taxonomy] Euphorbia
    [Swahili Word] mlangali
    [Swahili Plural] milangali
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mliwa (kind of tree)
    [Taxonomy] Spirostachys africana
    [Swahili Word] mliwa
    [Swahili Plural] miliwa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] liwa N
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mluziluzi (kind of tree; the seed pods make a whistling sound in the wind)
    [Swahili Word] mluziluzi
    [Swahili Plural] miluziluzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] uluzi N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mzeze (kind of tree)
    [Swahili Word] mzeze
    [Swahili Plural] mizeze
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] zeze N
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] species of tree
    [Swahili Word] mtalawanda
    [Swahili Plural] mitalawanda
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] thorn tree species
    [Swahili Word] msaro
    [Swahili Plural] misaro
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree
    [Taxonomy] Baphia kirikii
    [Swahili Word] mkarati
    [Swahili Plural] mikarati
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree
    [Taxonomy] Albizzia lebbek
    [Swahili Word] mkingu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree
    [Taxonomy] Baphia kirikii
    [Swahili Word] mkuruti
    [Swahili Plural] mikuruti
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree
    [Taxonomy] Sterculia appendiculata
    [Swahili Word] mparamuzi
    [Swahili Plural] miparamuzi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree
    [Taxonomy] Rauwolfia sp.
    [Swahili Word] mwango
    [Swahili Plural] miango
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree from the bark of which a yellow dye is prepared
    [Swahili Word] muungamo
    [Swahili Plural] miungamo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] ungamo V
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree from the bark of which a yellow dye is prepared
    [Swahili Word] mwungamo
    [Swahili Plural] miungamo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Derived Word] ungamo V
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of)
    [English Plural] trees
    [Swahili Word] mfufumaji
    [Swahili Plural] mifufumaji
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of)
    [Swahili Word] minyara
    [Part of Speech] noun
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of)
    [Swahili Word] mkakasi
    [Swahili Plural] mikakasi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mkamachuma tree
    [English Plural] mkamachuma trees
    [Swahili Word] mkamachuma
    [Swahili Plural] mikamachuma
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of)
    [Swahili Word] mkasasi
    [Swahili Plural] mikakasi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of)
    [Swahili Word] mkole
    [Swahili Plural] mikole
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of which the bark is used for medicine)
    [Swahili Word] mkaa
    [Swahili Plural] mikaa
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of)
    [English Plural] trees
    [Taxonomy] Cordia abyssinica
    [Swahili Word] msumari
    [Swahili Plural] misumari
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Dialect] Kimvita
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of)
    [English Plural] trees
    [Taxonomy] Cordia holstii
    [Swahili Word] msumari
    [Swahili Plural] misumari
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Dialect] Kimvita
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (kind of)
    [English Plural] trees
    [Taxonomy] Markhamia zanzibarica
    [Swahili Word] mtawanda
    [Swahili Plural] mitawanda
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Dialect] Kimvita
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree species
    [Taxonomy] Encephalartos villosus
    [Swahili Word] mkarabaka
    [Swahili Plural] mikarabaka
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree species
    [Taxonomy] Sterculia cinerea
    [Swahili Word] mboza
    [Swahili Plural] miboza
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree species
    [Taxonomy] Carapa moluccensis
    [Swahili Word] mkomafi
    [Swahili Plural] mikomafi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree species
    [Taxonomy] Bauhinia thonningii
    [Swahili Word] msegese
    [Swahili Plural] misegese
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree species (famous for its lumber and now protected by law)
    [Swahili Word] mninga
    [Swahili Plural] mininga
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree species used for making dugout canoes
    [Swahili Word] mrili
    [Swahili Plural] mirili
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree species with yellow blossoms
    [Taxonomy] Parinarium curatellaefolium
    [Swahili Word] mbura
    [Swahili Plural] mibura
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree used for fishing line preservation in the past
    [Taxonomy] Trema guineensis
    [Swahili Word] mpesi
    [Swahili Plural] mipesi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Dialect] Kimvita
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree (variety of)
    [English Plural] trees
    [Swahili Word] kiua mwitu
    [Swahili Plural] viua mwitu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 7/8
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree variety with poisonous bark
    [Swahili Word] mwavi
    [Swahili Plural] miavi
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Dialect] archaic
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] tree species with small edible berries
    [English Plural] trees
    [Swahili Word] mfufu
    [Swahili Plural] mifufu
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Related Words] fuu
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mchamvya tree (with edible fruit)
    [English Plural] mchamvya trees
    [Taxonomy] Pachystela sacleuxii
    [Swahili Word] mchamvya
    [Swahili Plural] michamvya
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    [English Word] mchocha tree (with edible fruit)
    [English Plural] mchocha trees
    [Taxonomy] Pachystela sacleuxii
    [Swahili Word] mchocha
    [Swahili Plural] michocha
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Terminology] botany
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    ------------------------------------------------------------
    Item(s) below have not yet been grouped within the headword tree
    [English Word] tree (species that is used for hoe handles)
    [English Plural] trees
    [Swahili Word] mtambaa jongoo
    [Swahili Plural] mitambaa jongoo
    [Part of Speech] noun
    [Class] 3/4
    [Related Words] jongoo
    ------------------------------------------------------------

    English-Swahili dictionary > tree

  • 18 top

    I 1. [tɒp]
    1) (highest or furthest part) (of page, ladder, stairs, wall) cima f.; (of list) testa f.; (of mountain, hill) cima f., punta f.; (of garden, field) fondo m., capo m.

    at the top of — in cima a [page, stairs, street, scale]; sulla cima di [ hill]; in testa a [ list]

    to be at the top of one's listfig. essere in cima alla lista

    to be at the top of the agendafig. avere la priorità

    to get to o make it to the top farcela, arrivare in cima; to be top of the class essere il primo della classe; to be top of the bill — teatr. essere in testa al cartellone

    3) (surface) (of table) piano m.; (of box) lato m. alto
    4) (upper part) parte f. superiore
    5) (cap, lid) (of pen) cappuccio m.; (of bottle) tappo m.; (of paint-tin, saucepan) coperchio m.
    6) (garment) top m.
    2.
    1) (highest) [step, storey] ultimo, più alto; [ bunk] di sopra; [button, shelf] più alto; [ layer] superiore; [concern, priority] fig. maggiore, principale

    the top notesmus. le note più alte

    to pay the top price for sth. — [ buyer] pagare qcs. al prezzo più alto

    to get top marksscol. avere o ottenere il massimo dei voti

    2) (furthest away) [field, house] ultimo
    3) (leading) [ adviser] di prim'ordine; [ agency] di punta; [ authority] massimo; [ job] d'alto livello
    4) (best) [ wine] eccellente, di prima qualità; [ restaurant] eccellente, di prim'ordine
    5) (upper) [ lip] superiore
    6) (maximum) [ speed] massimo
    7)

    on top of — su [cupboard, fridge, layer]; (in addition to) oltre a [salary, workload]

    to be on top of a situationfig. avere il controllo della situazione, avere la situazione in pugno

    things are getting on top of him (he's depressed) si sta lasciando sopraffare; (he can't cope) non ce la fa

    ••

    on top of all this to top it all oltre a tutto questo, come se non bastasse; from top to bottom da cima a fondo; to be over the top colloq. (in behaviour, reaction) essere esagerato; to be the tops colloq. ant. essere il massimo o il meglio; to be, stay on top essere sulla vetta; to be top dog essere il capo; to come out on top (win) venirne fuori vincitore; (survive) uscirne vivo; to feel on top of the world sentirsi in cima al mondo; to say things off the top of one's head (without thinking) dire quello che passa per la mente; I'd say 30, but that's just off the top of my head (without checking) direi 30, ma ho fatto un calcolo approssimativo o su due piedi; to shout at the top of one's voice — gridare a squarciagola

    II 1. [tɒp]
    verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - pp-)
    1) (head) essere in testa a [charts, polls]
    2) (exceed) oltrepassare [sum, figure]
    3) (finish off) completare, rifinire [building, creation]; gastr. ricoprire [ cake] ( with di)
    4) colloq. (kill) fare fuori [ person]
    2.
    verbo riflessivo (forma in -ing ecc. - pp-) colloq.

    to top oneself — uccidersi, suicidarsi

    III [tɒp]
    nome (toy) trottola f.
    * * *
    I 1. [top] noun
    1) (the highest part of anything: the top of the hill; the top of her head; The book is on the top shelf.)
    2) (the position of the cleverest in a class etc: He's at the top of the class.)
    3) (the upper surface: the table-top.)
    4) (a lid: I've lost the top to this jar; a bottle-top.)
    5) (a (woman's) garment for the upper half of the body; a blouse, sweater etc: I bought a new skirt and top.)
    2. adjective
    (having gained the most marks, points etc, eg in a school class: He's top (of the class) again.)
    3. verb
    1) (to cover on the top: She topped the cake with cream.)
    2) (to rise above; to surpass: Our exports have topped $100,000.)
    3) (to remove the top of.)
    - topping
    - top hat
    - top-heavy
    - top-secret
    - at the top of one's voice
    - be/feel on top of the world
    - from top to bottom
    - the top of the ladder/tree
    - top up
    II [top] noun
    (a kind of toy that spins.)
    * * *
    I 1. [tɒp]
    1) (highest or furthest part) (of page, ladder, stairs, wall) cima f.; (of list) testa f.; (of mountain, hill) cima f., punta f.; (of garden, field) fondo m., capo m.

    at the top of — in cima a [page, stairs, street, scale]; sulla cima di [ hill]; in testa a [ list]

    to be at the top of one's listfig. essere in cima alla lista

    to be at the top of the agendafig. avere la priorità

    to get to o make it to the top farcela, arrivare in cima; to be top of the class essere il primo della classe; to be top of the bill — teatr. essere in testa al cartellone

    3) (surface) (of table) piano m.; (of box) lato m. alto
    4) (upper part) parte f. superiore
    5) (cap, lid) (of pen) cappuccio m.; (of bottle) tappo m.; (of paint-tin, saucepan) coperchio m.
    6) (garment) top m.
    2.
    1) (highest) [step, storey] ultimo, più alto; [ bunk] di sopra; [button, shelf] più alto; [ layer] superiore; [concern, priority] fig. maggiore, principale

    the top notesmus. le note più alte

    to pay the top price for sth. — [ buyer] pagare qcs. al prezzo più alto

    to get top marksscol. avere o ottenere il massimo dei voti

    2) (furthest away) [field, house] ultimo
    3) (leading) [ adviser] di prim'ordine; [ agency] di punta; [ authority] massimo; [ job] d'alto livello
    4) (best) [ wine] eccellente, di prima qualità; [ restaurant] eccellente, di prim'ordine
    5) (upper) [ lip] superiore
    6) (maximum) [ speed] massimo
    7)

    on top of — su [cupboard, fridge, layer]; (in addition to) oltre a [salary, workload]

    to be on top of a situationfig. avere il controllo della situazione, avere la situazione in pugno

    things are getting on top of him (he's depressed) si sta lasciando sopraffare; (he can't cope) non ce la fa

    ••

    on top of all this to top it all oltre a tutto questo, come se non bastasse; from top to bottom da cima a fondo; to be over the top colloq. (in behaviour, reaction) essere esagerato; to be the tops colloq. ant. essere il massimo o il meglio; to be, stay on top essere sulla vetta; to be top dog essere il capo; to come out on top (win) venirne fuori vincitore; (survive) uscirne vivo; to feel on top of the world sentirsi in cima al mondo; to say things off the top of one's head (without thinking) dire quello che passa per la mente; I'd say 30, but that's just off the top of my head (without checking) direi 30, ma ho fatto un calcolo approssimativo o su due piedi; to shout at the top of one's voice — gridare a squarciagola

    II 1. [tɒp]
    verbo transitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - pp-)
    1) (head) essere in testa a [charts, polls]
    2) (exceed) oltrepassare [sum, figure]
    3) (finish off) completare, rifinire [building, creation]; gastr. ricoprire [ cake] ( with di)
    4) colloq. (kill) fare fuori [ person]
    2.
    verbo riflessivo (forma in -ing ecc. - pp-) colloq.

    to top oneself — uccidersi, suicidarsi

    III [tɒp]
    nome (toy) trottola f.

    English-Italian dictionary > top

  • 19 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 20 top

    I 1. noun
    1) (highest part) Spitze, die; (of table) Platte, die; (of bench seat) Sitzfläche, die; (top floor) oberstes Stockwerk; (flat roof, roof garden) Dach, das; (rim of glass, bottle, etc.) Rand, der; (top end) oberes Ende; (of tree) Spitze, die; Wipfel, der

    a cake with a cherry on topein Kuchen mit einer Kirsche [oben]drauf

    at the top of the building/hill/pile/stairs — oben im Gebäude/[oben] auf dem Hügel/[oben] auf dem Stapel/oben an der Treppe

    be at/get to or reach the top [of the ladder or tree] — (fig.) auf der obersten Sprosse [der Leiter] stehen/die oberste Sprosse [der Leiter] erreichen (fig.)

    be/get on top of a situation/subject — eine Situation/eine Materie im Griff haben/in den Griff bekommen

    don't let it get on top of you(fig.) lass dich davon nicht unterkriegen! (ugs.)

    he put it on [the] top of the pile — er legte es [oben] auf den Stapel

    on top of one another or each other — aufeinander

    on top of something(fig.): (in addition) zusätzlich zu etwas

    come/be on top of something — (be additional) zu etwas [hinzu]kommen

    on top of the world(fig.) überglücklich

    be/go thin on top — licht auf dem Kopf sein/werden

    be on top — ganz oben sein/liegen

    come out on top(be successful) Erfolg haben; (win) gewinnen

    get to the top(fig.) eine Spitzenposition erringen; ganz nach oben kommen (ugs.)

    be over the topübertrieben od. überzogen sein

    2) (highest rank) Spitze, die

    the man at the top — der [oberste] Chef od. (ugs.) Boss

    top of the table (Sport) Tabellenspitze, die

    [at the] top of the agenda is... — ganz oben auf der Tagesordnung steht...

    be [at the] top of the class — der/die Klassenbeste sein

    top of the bill (Theatre) Zugpferd, das

    3) (of vegetable) Kraut, das
    4) (upper surface) Oberfläche, die; (of cupboard, wardrobe, chest) Oberseite, die

    on [the] top of something — [oben] auf etwas (position): (Dat./direction: Akk.)

    they climbed to the top of the hill/slope — sie kletterten auf den Hügel/den Hang hinauf

    5) (folding roof) Verdeck, das
    6) (upper deck of bus, boat) Oberdeck, das
    7) (cap of pen) [Verschluss]kappe, die
    8) (cream on milk) Sahne, die; Rahm, der (regional, bes. südd., österr., schweiz.)
    9) (upper part of page) oberer Teil

    at the top [of the page] — oben [auf der/die Seite]

    10) (upper garment) Oberteil, das
    11) (turn-down of sock) Umschlag, der
    12) (head end) Kopf, der; (of street) oberes Ende
    13) (utmost) Gipfel, der

    shout/talk at the top of one's voice — aus vollem Halse schreien/so laut wie möglich sprechen

    14)

    be the tops(coll.) (the best) der/die/das Größte sein (ugs.); (marvellous) spitze sein (ugs.)

    15) (surface) Oberfläche, die
    16) (lid) Deckel, der; (of bottle, glass, jar, etc.) Stöpsel, der
    17) (Brit. Motor Veh.)
    2. adjective
    oberst...; höchst... [Ton, Preis]

    the/a top award — die höchste/eine hohe Auszeichnung

    the/a top chess player — der beste Schachspieler/einer der besten Schachspieler od. ein Spitzenschachspieler

    top scientists/actors — etc. hochkarätige Wissenschaftler/Schauspieler usw.

    top sportsman/job/politician — Spitzensportler, der/Spitzenposition, die/Spitzenpolitiker, der

    the top pupil/school/marks — der beste Schüler/die beste Schule/die besten Noten

    top manager/management — Topmanager/-management

    a top speed of 100 m.p.h. — eine Spitzen- od. Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 100 Meilen pro Stunde

    go at top speedmit Spitzen- od. Höchstgeschwindigkeit fahren

    be/come top [in a subject] — [in einem Fach] der/die Beste sein/werden

    give something top priorityeiner Sache (Dat.) höchste Priorität einräumen

    in the top left/right corner — in der linken/rechten oberen Ecke

    the top people(in society) die Spitzen der Gesellschaft; (in a particular field) die besten Leute

    3. transitive verb,
    - pp-
    1) (cover)

    the hills were topped with or by snow — die Hügelspitzen waren schneebedeckt

    2) (Hort.): (cut top off) stutzen [Pflanze]; kappen [Baum]
    3) (be taller than) überragen
    4) (surpass, excel) übertreffen

    exports have topped [the] £40 million [mark/level] — die Exporte haben die [Grenze von] 40 Millionen Pfund überschritten

    to top it all — [noch] obendrein

    5) (head) anführen

    top the bill (Theatre) das Zugpferd sein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/75633/top_off">top off
    II noun
    (toy) Kreisel, der
    * * *
    I 1. [top] noun
    1) (the highest part of anything: the top of the hill; the top of her head; The book is on the top shelf.) die Spitze
    2) (the position of the cleverest in a class etc: He's at the top of the class.) die Spitze
    3) (the upper surface: the table-top.) die Oberfläche
    4) (a lid: I've lost the top to this jar; a bottle-top.) der Deckel
    5) (a (woman's) garment for the upper half of the body; a blouse, sweater etc: I bought a new skirt and top.) das Sonnentop
    2. adjective
    (having gained the most marks, points etc, eg in a school class: He's top (of the class) again.) der/die/das erste
    3. verb
    1) (to cover on the top: She topped the cake with cream.) bedecken
    2) (to rise above; to surpass: Our exports have topped $100,000.) übersteigen
    3) (to remove the top of.) kappen
    - topless
    - topping
    - top hat
    - top-heavy
    - top-secret
    - at the top of one's voice
    - be/feel on top of the world
    - from top to bottom
    - the top of the ladder/tree
    - top up
    II [top] noun
    (a kind of toy that spins.) der Kreisel
    * * *
    top1
    [tɒp, AM tɑ:p]
    n
    1. (toy) Kreisel m
    2. ( dated fam)
    to sleep like a \top schlafen wie ein Murmeltier
    top2
    [tɒp, AM tɑ:p]
    I. n
    1. (highest part) oberes Ende, Spitze f; of a mountain [Berg]gipfel m; of a tree [Baum]krone f, Wipfel m
    she waited for me at the \top of the stairs sie wartete oben am Ende der Treppe auf mich
    from \top to bottom von oben bis unten
    to get on \top of sth etw in den Griff bekommen
    2. (upper surface) Oberfläche f
    \top of a desk [or table] Tischplatte f
    there was a pile of books on \top of the table auf dem Tisch lag ein Stoß Bücher
    put the letter on \top of that pile of books leg den Brief auf diesen Stoß Bücher
    3. no pl (highest rank) Spitze f
    to be at the \top of the class Klassenbeste(r) f(m) sein
    to be at the \top an der Spitze sein
    to go to the \top an die Spitze kommen
    the \tops pl ( dated) die Besten
    4. FASHION Top nt
    5. (head end) of a bed, table Kopfende nt
    to live at the \top of a street am Ende der Straße wohnen
    6. BOT oberer Teil einer Pflanze
    \tops pl [Rüben]kraut nt kein pl
    7. (lid) Deckel m
    bottle \top Flaschenverschluss m
    screw-on \top Schraubverschluss m
    on \top of that... obendrein...
    we missed the train, and on \top of that we had to... wir verpassten den Zug, und als wäre das noch nicht genug gewesen, mussten wir auch noch...
    9.
    the Big T\top das Großzelt
    to feel on \top of the world Bäume ausreißen können fam
    to go over the \top überreagieren
    off the \top of one's head ( fam) aus dem Stegreif
    to be off one's \top BRIT ( pej fam) kindisch sein meist pej
    over the \top ( fam) zu viel des Guten
    from \top to toe von Kopf bis Fuß
    at the \top of one's voice aus vollem Halse
    she shouted his name at the \top of her voice sie rief, so laut sie konnte, seinen Namen
    II. adj
    1. attr, inv (highest) oberste(r, s)
    \top floor oberstes Stockwerk, SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR meist oberster Stock
    \top layer oberste Schicht
    the \top rung of the ladder ( fig) die Spitze der Karriereleiter
    2. (best) beste(r, s)
    sb's \top choice jds erste Wahl
    \top university Eliteuniversität f
    3. (most successful) Spitzen-
    \top athlete Spitzensportler(in) m(f)
    4. (maximum) höchste(r, s)
    \top speed Höchstgeschwindigkeit f
    III. adv BRIT
    to come \top [of the class] Klassenbeste(r) f(m) sein
    IV. vt
    <- pp->
    to \top sth etw anführen
    to \top the bill der Star des Abends sein
    to \top a list obenan auf einer Liste stehen
    to \top sth with sth etw mit etw dat überziehen
    to \top a cake with cream einen Kuchen mit Sahne garnieren
    to \top sth etw übertreffen
    they've offered me £1,000 — I'm afraid we can't \top that sie haben mir 1.000 Pfund geboten — das können wir leider nicht überbieten
    4. esp BRIT (sl: kill)
    to \top sb/oneself jdn/sich umbringen
    5. esp BRIT (remove top and bottom of)
    to \top and tail food Nahrungsmittel putzen [o SCHWEIZ rüsten]
    * * *
    I [tɒp]
    1. n
    1) (= highest part) oberer Teil; (of spire, pyramid, cone etc, fig, of league, company etc) Spitze f; (of mountain) Gipfel m; (of tree) Krone f, Spitze f; (of pine tree) Wipfel m, Spitze f; (of branch) oberes Ende; (of wave) Kamm m; (of carrots, radishes) Ende nt; (= leafy part) Kraut nt; (= detachable part of cupboard etc) Aufsatz m; (= head end of table, bed, sheet) Kopfende nt, oberes Ende; (of road, beach) oberes Ende

    which is the top?wo ist oben?

    the top of the tree/page/list/wall etc is... — der Baum/die Seite/Liste/Wand etc ist oben...

    at the top of the page/list — oben auf der Seite/Liste

    at the top of the league/pile — oben in der Tabelle/im Stapel

    at the top of the stairs/wall/hill/tree — oben an der Treppe/Wand/am Berg/Baum

    at the top of the table/road — am oberen Ende des Tisches/der Straße

    to be (at the) top of the classKlassenbeste(r) or -erste(r) sein, der/die Beste in der Klasse sein

    he's near the top in English —

    he looked over the top of his spectacles —

    to scream at the top of one's voiceaus vollem Hals or aus Leibeskräften brüllen

    they were talking at the top(s) of their voices — sie haben sich in voller Lautstärke unterhalten

    go to the top of the class (inf)du bist gar nicht so dumm!

    off the top of my head (fig) — grob gesagt; (with figures) über den Daumen gepeilt

    just a quick comment please, off the top of your head to talk off the top of one's head (inf) — bitte einen kurzen Kommentar, ganz spontan nur so daherreden

    that's a bit over the top — das ist ein bisschen übertrieben, das geht ein bisschen zu weit

    I find him a bit over the top —

    the top of the morning to you! (Ir)grüß Gott! (S__nbsp;Ger, Aus), (schönen) guten Morgen!

    See:
    bill
    2) (= upper surface) Oberfläche f; (COMPUT) Vordergrund m

    to be on top — oben sein or liegen; (fig) obenauf sein

    it was on top of/on the top of the cupboard/pile etc — es war auf/oben auf dem Schrank/Stapel etc

    put it on top of/the top of the cupboard etc — leg es oben auf den Schrank etc

    then, on top of all that... — und dann, um das Maß vollzumachen...

    and, on top of that... — und zusätzlich..., und außerdem...

    he felt he was on top of the situation — er hatte das Gefühl, die Situation im Griff or unter Kontrolle zu haben

    to come out on top — sich durchsetzen; (over rival) die Oberhand gewinnen

    3) (inf of body) Oberkörper m
    4) (= working surface) Arbeitsfläche f
    5) (= bikini top) Oberteil nt; (= blouse) Top nt
    6) (= lid of jar, suitcase) Deckel m; (of bottle) Verschluss m; (of pen) Hülle f; (of car) Dach nt
    7) (AUT: top gear) höchster Gang

    in top — im vierten/fünften, im höchsten Gang

    8) (inf: big top) Großzelt nt, Zirkuszelt nt

    to be (the) topsklasse sein (inf), spitze sein (inf)

    10) (NAUT) Mars m
    2. adj
    (= upper) obere(r, s); (= highest) oberste(r, s); branches, note, honours, price höchste(r, s); (= best) Spitzen-, Top-; pupil, school, marks beste(r, s)

    the top end of the market —

    the car has a top speed of 120das Auto hat eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 120

    the top men in the party/government/firm —

    the top people (in a company) — die Leute an der Spitze; (in society) die oberen zehntausend

    3. adv
    1)
    2)

    tops (inf) — höchstens, maximal

    4. vt
    1) (= cover, cap) bedecken
    2)

    (= reach top of) just as the car/he topped the hill — gerade, als das Auto/er oben auf dem Berg angekommen war or den Gipfel des Berges erreicht hatte

    3)

    (= be at top of) his name topped the list — sein Name stand ganz oben auf der Liste or an der Spitze der Liste

    See:
    bill
    4) (= be higher than fig = surpass) übersteigen

    and to top it all... (inf) — und um das Maß vollzumachen...

    5)

    to top a tree/radish/carrot — die Spitze eines Baumes/das Ende eines Rettichs/einer Mohrrübe abschneiden

    6)
    II
    n
    Kreisel m
    * * *
    top1 [tɒp; US tɑp]
    A s
    1. ober(st)es Ende, Oberteil n, höchster Punkt, besonders
    a) Spitze f, Gipfel m (eines Berges)
    b) Kuppe f (eines Hügels)
    c) Krone f, Wipfel m (eines Baumes)
    d) Dach(spitze) n(f), (Haus)Giebel m
    e) Kopf(ende) m(n) (eines Tisches, einer Buchseite etc)
    f) (Deich-, Mauer)Krone f
    g) Oberfläche f (des Wassers etc):
    the top of the world das Dach der Welt;
    at the top obenan;
    at the top of oben an (dat);
    at the top of the street oben in der Straße;
    at the top of page 10, page 10 at the top (auf) Seite 10 oben;
    at the top of the table SPORT an der Tabellenspitze;
    off the top of one’s head auf Anhieb, so ohne Weiteres;
    on top oben(auf a. fig);
    a) oben auf (dat), über (dat),
    b) umg direkt vor (dat);
    on top of each other auf- oder übereinander;
    on (the) top of it obendrein;
    get on top of sth fig einer Sache Herr werden;
    be over the top fig übertrieben sein;
    a) MIL zum Sturmangriff (aus dem Schützengraben) antreten,
    b) fig zu weit gehen, zu viel des Guten tun; volcano
    2. fig Spitze f, erste oder höchste oder oberste Stelle, Spitzenposition f:
    the top of the class der Klassenprimus;
    top of the line WIRTSCH Branchenführer(in);
    a) in höchster Stellung, an oberster Stelle,
    b) auf dem Gipfel des Erfolgs;
    come out on top als Sieger oder Bester hervorgehen;
    come ( oder make it) to the top an die Spitze kommen, sich durchsetzen;
    be on top of sth einer Sache gewachsen sein
    3. a) höchster Grad
    b) höchster Punkt, Höchststand m:
    at the top of one’s speed mit höchster Geschwindigkeit;
    at the top of one’s voice ( oder lungs) aus vollem Halse, lauthals;
    the top of the tide der Höchststand der Flut
    4. fig Gipfel m, (das) Äußerste oder Höchste:
    the top of his ambition sein höchster Ehrgeiz;
    the top of all creation die Krone der Schöpfung; tops A
    5. umg
    a) Auslese f, Creme f umg (der Gesellschaft)
    b) pl (die) großen Tiere pl umg
    6. Kopf m, Scheitel m:
    from top to bottom vom Scheitel bis zur Sohle;
    from top to toe von Kopf bis Fuß; blow1 C 7 b
    7. (Schachtel-, Topf- etc) Deckel m
    8. AUTO etc Verdeck n
    9. (Bett)Himmel m
    10. (Möbel)Aufsatz m
    11. Oberteil n (eines Pyjamas, Badeanzugs etc)
    12. a) (Schuh)Oberleder n
    b) Stulpe f (an Stiefeln, Handschuhen etc)
    13. SCHIFF Mars m/f
    14. BOT
    a) oberer Teil ( einer Pflanze; Ggs Wurzel)
    b) auch pl (Rüben- etc)Kraut n
    15. CHEM Spitzenfraktion f
    16. Blume f (des Bieres)
    17. AUTO top gear
    18. MIL sl top sergeant
    B adj
    1. oberst(er, e, es):
    top line Kopf-, Titelzeile f;
    the top rung fig die höchste Stellung, die oberste Stelle
    2. höchst(er, e, es):
    a) mit Höchstgeschwindigkeit,
    b) in Windeseile;
    top earner Spitzenverdiener(in);
    top efficiency TECH Spitzenleistung f;
    top manager Top-, Spitzenmanager m;
    top prices Höchst-, Spitzenpreise;
    top quality Spitzenqualität f; brass A 6, management 2
    3. (der, die, das) Erste:
    win the top hono(u)rs in a competition den ersten Preis in einem Wettbewerb gewinnen
    4. Haupt…:
    5. umg erstklassig, best(er, e, es):
    be in top form ( oder shape) in Höchst- oder Topform sein
    C v/t
    1. (oben) bedecken ( with mit)
    2. überragen
    3. mit einer Spitze, einem Oberteil, einem Deckel etc versehen
    4. an der Spitze der Klasse, einer Liste etc stehen: bill2 A 8
    5. die Spitze oder den Gipfel eines Berges etc erreichen
    6. (zahlenmäßig etc) übersteigen:
    top one million die Millionengrenze übersteigen
    7. jemanden an Größe oder Gewicht übertreffen:
    he tops me by two inches er ist (um) zwei Zoll größer als ich;
    he tops five feet er ist etwas über fünf Fuß groß
    8. überragen, -treffen, schlagen; ein Angebot, eine Bestleistung etc toppen, überbieten:
    be topped den Kürzeren ziehen;
    to top it all (Redew) als Krönung des Ganzen; pej um das Maß vollzumachen
    9. Pflanzen beschneiden, stutzen, köpfen, kappen
    10. ein Hindernis nehmen (Pferd etc)
    11. CHEM die flüchtigen Bestandteile herausdestillieren
    12. top-dress 2
    13. AGR, ZOOL Tiere hochzüchten
    14. eine Farbe überfärben, -decken ( beide:
    with mit)
    top2 [tɒp; US tɑp] s Kreisel m (Spielzeug): sleep A 1
    * * *
    I 1. noun
    1) (highest part) Spitze, die; (of table) Platte, die; (of bench seat) Sitzfläche, die; (top floor) oberstes Stockwerk; (flat roof, roof garden) Dach, das; (rim of glass, bottle, etc.) Rand, der; (top end) oberes Ende; (of tree) Spitze, die; Wipfel, der

    a cake with a cherry on top — ein Kuchen mit einer Kirsche [oben]drauf

    at the top of the building/hill/pile/stairs — oben im Gebäude/[oben] auf dem Hügel/[oben] auf dem Stapel/oben an der Treppe

    be at/get to or reach the top [of the ladder or tree] — (fig.) auf der obersten Sprosse [der Leiter] stehen/die oberste Sprosse [der Leiter] erreichen (fig.)

    be/get on top of a situation/subject — eine Situation/eine Materie im Griff haben/in den Griff bekommen

    don't let it get on top of you(fig.) lass dich davon nicht unterkriegen! (ugs.)

    he put it on [the] top of the pile — er legte es [oben] auf den Stapel

    on top of one another or each other — aufeinander

    on top of something(fig.): (in addition) zusätzlich zu etwas

    come/be on top of something — (be additional) zu etwas [hinzu]kommen

    on top of the world(fig.) überglücklich

    be/go thin on top — licht auf dem Kopf sein/werden

    be on top — ganz oben sein/liegen

    come out on top (be successful) Erfolg haben; (win) gewinnen

    get to the top(fig.) eine Spitzenposition erringen; ganz nach oben kommen (ugs.)

    be over the topübertrieben od. überzogen sein

    2) (highest rank) Spitze, die

    the man at the top — der [oberste] Chef od. (ugs.) Boss

    top of the table (Sport) Tabellenspitze, die

    [at the] top of the agenda is... — ganz oben auf der Tagesordnung steht...

    be [at the] top of the class — der/die Klassenbeste sein

    top of the bill (Theatre) Zugpferd, das

    3) (of vegetable) Kraut, das
    4) (upper surface) Oberfläche, die; (of cupboard, wardrobe, chest) Oberseite, die

    on [the] top of something — [oben] auf etwas (position): (Dat./direction: Akk.)

    they climbed to the top of the hill/slope — sie kletterten auf den Hügel/den Hang hinauf

    5) (folding roof) Verdeck, das
    6) (upper deck of bus, boat) Oberdeck, das
    7) (cap of pen) [Verschluss]kappe, die
    8) (cream on milk) Sahne, die; Rahm, der (regional, bes. südd., österr., schweiz.)
    9) (upper part of page) oberer Teil

    at the top [of the page] — oben [auf der/die Seite]

    10) (upper garment) Oberteil, das
    11) (turn-down of sock) Umschlag, der
    12) (head end) Kopf, der; (of street) oberes Ende
    13) (utmost) Gipfel, der

    shout/talk at the top of one's voice — aus vollem Halse schreien/so laut wie möglich sprechen

    14)

    be the tops(coll.) (the best) der/die/das Größte sein (ugs.); (marvellous) spitze sein (ugs.)

    15) (surface) Oberfläche, die
    16) (lid) Deckel, der; (of bottle, glass, jar, etc.) Stöpsel, der
    17) (Brit. Motor Veh.)
    2. adjective
    oberst...; höchst... [Ton, Preis]

    the/a top award — die höchste/eine hohe Auszeichnung

    the/a top chess player — der beste Schachspieler/einer der besten Schachspieler od. ein Spitzenschachspieler

    top scientists/actors — etc. hochkarätige Wissenschaftler/Schauspieler usw.

    top sportsman/job/politician — Spitzensportler, der/Spitzenposition, die/Spitzenpolitiker, der

    the top pupil/school/marks — der beste Schüler/die beste Schule/die besten Noten

    top manager/management — Topmanager/-management

    a top speed of 100 m.p.h. — eine Spitzen- od. Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 100 Meilen pro Stunde

    go at top speedmit Spitzen- od. Höchstgeschwindigkeit fahren

    be/come top [in a subject] — [in einem Fach] der/die Beste sein/werden

    give something top priorityeiner Sache (Dat.) höchste Priorität einräumen

    in the top left/right corner — in der linken/rechten oberen Ecke

    the top people (in society) die Spitzen der Gesellschaft; (in a particular field) die besten Leute

    3. transitive verb,
    - pp-

    the hills were topped with or by snow — die Hügelspitzen waren schneebedeckt

    2) (Hort.): (cut top off) stutzen [Pflanze]; kappen [Baum]
    3) (be taller than) überragen
    4) (surpass, excel) übertreffen

    exports have topped [the] £40 million [mark/level] — die Exporte haben die [Grenze von] 40 Millionen Pfund überschritten

    to top it all — [noch] obendrein

    5) (head) anführen

    top the bill (Theatre) das Zugpferd sein

    Phrasal Verbs:
    II noun
    (toy) Kreisel, der
    * * *
    v.
    maximal erreichen ausdr.
    übersteigen v. adj.
    oben adj. n.
    Anfang -ë m.
    Gipfel - m.
    Kopfende -n n.
    Kreisel - m.
    Oberteil -e n.
    Spitze -n f.

    English-german dictionary > top

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